Clinical calculators
Interactive clinical calculators and risk scores with unit switching, live results and references to the primary literature.
794 interactive calculators covering risk scores, haemodynamics, echocardiography, ECG intervals, critical care and laboratory formulas. Every calculator cites the original publication, and values can be entered in either conventional or SI units — use the unit button beside each field to switch.
794 in total
Body metrics
- Basal energy expenditure (Harris-Benedict)Estimates resting caloric requirements from weight, height, age and sex.
- BMI and body surface areaBody mass index and body surface area (Mosteller, Du Bois, Haycock).
- Body Roundness Index (BRI)Ellipse-based estimate of body shape and central adiposity from waist circumference and height.
- Fat free mass (FFM)Predicts fat-free (lean) body mass from weight, height and sex.
- Relative Fat Mass (RFM)Estimates whole-body fat percentage from height and waist circumference.
- Waist-to-Hip RatioRatio of waist to hip circumference as a measure of abdominal (central) adiposity.
Critical care
- Aldrete Score for post-anaesthesia recoveryReadiness for discharge from the post-anaesthesia care unit.
- APACHE II scoreICU severity-of-disease classification and mortality estimate.
- Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) for Pain Assessment in Intubated PatientsObservational pain scale for sedated, mechanically ventilated patients unable to self-report.
- CART (Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage) ScorePredicts risk of in-hospital cardiac arrest from ward vital signs.
- Cerebral Perfusion PressureNet pressure gradient driving cerebral blood flow.
- Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) for VAPAssists in identifying ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated patients.
- Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU)Bedside diagnosis of delirium in ventilated or non-verbal ICU patients.
- Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD)Screens for delirium across all ages of critically ill children.
- Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)Behavioural pain assessment in critically ill adults unable to self-report.
- Diastolic shock index (DSI)Heart rate divided by diastolic blood pressure as a marker of vasodilatory shock.
- Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC) for neonatal opioid withdrawalFunction-based care decision for neonatal opioid withdrawal.
- Endotracheal tube (ETT) depth and tidal volumeOral ETT insertion depth and lung-protective tidal volume from height.
- EUROMACS-RHF Score for Right Heart Failure after LVADPredicts early right heart failure after LVAD implantation.
- GO-FAR (Good Outcome Following Attempted Resuscitation) ScorePre-arrest estimate of neurologically intact survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest.
- HACOR ScorePredicts failure of non-invasive ventilation in hypoxaemic respiratory failure.
- Horowitz index (PaO2/FiO2 ratio)Oxygenation index for hypoxaemia and ARDS severity.
- Hypothermia Outcome Prediction after ECLS (HOPE) ScorePredicts probability of survival after extracorporeal life support rewarming for hypothermic cardiac arrest.
- Lung Injury Prediction Score (LIPS)Predicts risk of ARDS at hospital admission.
- MACOCHA score for difficult ICU intubationPredicts difficult intubation in critically ill patients.
- Maximum allowable blood loss (ABL) without transfusionEstimates intraoperative blood loss tolerated before transfusion, corrected for dilution.
- Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) for Clinical DeteriorationBedside vital-sign score flagging patients at risk of clinical deterioration.
- Modified Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Score (NAS)Severity of opioid/drug withdrawal signs in the newborn.
- Modified Minnesota Detoxification Scale (mMINDS)Objective severity scoring for alcohol withdrawal in critically ill patients.
- Modified SOFA (mSOFA) scoreResource-light organ-failure score using a single laboratory value for triage.
- Murray score for acute lung injuryGrades severity of acute lung injury/ARDS from four physiologic components.
- National Early Warning Score (NEWS)Aggregate vital-sign track-and-trigger score for clinical deterioration.
- National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2)2017 update of NEWS with a hypercapnic SpO2 scale and confusion in the ACVPU item.
- Nonverbal Pain Scale (NVPS) for nonverbal patientsBehavioural and physiological pain assessment for patients unable to self-report pain.
- Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (NUTRIC) scoreIdentifies critically ill patients most likely to benefit from aggressive nutrition therapy.
- Oxygenation index (OI)Grades hypoxaemic respiratory failure severity in ventilated patients.
- Paediatric endotracheal tube (ETT) sizeAge-based estimate of tracheal tube internal diameter and insertion depth.
- Pediatric SIRS, Sepsis, and Septic Shock CriteriaAge-based paediatric SIRS and sepsis classification.
- Phoenix Sepsis Score2024 organ-dysfunction criteria for paediatric sepsis.
- PRESET Score for Survival on ECMOICU mortality prediction before VV-ECMO for ARDS.
- qSOFA (Quick SOFA) score for sepsisRapid bedside identification of high-risk infection outside the ICU.
- Quick COVID-19 Severity Index (qCSI)Predicts 24-hour respiratory decompensation in admitted COVID-19 patients.
- Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS)In-hospital mortality risk in non-surgical emergency patients.
- Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI)Predicts weaning / extubation success from a spontaneous breathing trial.
- RESP (Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction) scorePredicts survival before venovenous ECMO for severe acute respiratory failure.
- Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)Standardised assessment of sedation and agitation depth.
- Roth Score for Hypoxia ScreeningCounting test that flags likely hypoxaemia when pulse oximetry is unavailable.
- ROX Index for Intubation after HFNCPredicts high-flow nasal cannula success versus need for intubation.
- SAVE (Survival after Veno-Arterial ECMO) ScorePredicts in-hospital survival before starting VA-ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock.
- SCORTEN for Toxic Epidermal NecrolysisSeverity-of-illness mortality score for SJS/TEN.
- Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy (SIC) ScoreISTH criteria identifying coagulopathy in sepsis.
- Shock IndexHeart rate divided by systolic blood pressure to flag occult shock.
- Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II)ICU mortality prediction from worst 24-hour physiology.
- Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) 3Predicts hospital mortality at ICU admission.
- SIRS, Sepsis, and Septic Shock CriteriaClassic ACCP/SCCM systemic inflammation and sepsis staging.
- SOFA score (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment)Organ-dysfunction severity in critically ill patients.
- Static Lung Compliance (Cstat)Respiratory-system compliance from tidal volume and driving pressure.
- Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WAT-1) for pediatric withdrawalScores iatrogenic opioid/benzodiazepine withdrawal in children.
ECG
- Brugada Criteria for Ventricular TachycardiaStepwise ECG algorithm distinguishing ventricular tachycardia from SVT with aberrancy.
- Corrected QT interval (QTc)QT correction by the Bazett, Fridericia, Framingham and Hodges formulas.
- Modified Sgarbossa's Criteria for MI in Left Bundle Branch BlockIdentifies acute coronary occlusion in the presence of left bundle branch block (or ventricular paced rhythm).
- Sgarbossa's Criteria for MI in Left Bundle Branch BlockECG criteria for diagnosing acute MI in the presence of LBBB or paced rhythm.
- Shanghai Score for Brugada SyndromeMultiparametric diagnostic score combining ECG, history, family history, and genetics.
- Subtle Anterior STEMI Calculator (4-Variable)Distinguishes subtle anterior LAD occlusion from benign early repolarization.
- Tisdale Risk Score for QT ProlongationPredicts risk of drug-associated QTc prolongation in hospitalized patients.
Emergency & trauma
- ABC score for massive transfusionPredicts need for massive transfusion in trauma.
- Alvarado score for acute appendicitisPredicts the likelihood of acute appendicitis (MANTRELS).
- Aortic dissection detection risk score (ADD-RS)Pre-test risk of acute aortic dissection across three feature categories.
- Appendicitis inflammatory response (AIR) scoreRisk-stratifies suspected appendicitis using clinical and inflammatory markers.
- Blast lung injury severity scoreGrades primary blast lung injury to guide ventilation.
- Boston Syncope CriteriaScreens for high-risk features after emergency department syncope.
- Brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) risk criteriaClassifies an infant BRUE as lower- or higher-risk.
- Canadian C-Spine RuleWhether cervical-spine imaging is needed after blunt trauma.
- Canadian CT Head RuleNeed for CT after minor head injury.
- Canadian Syncope Risk ScorePredicts 30-day serious adverse events after emergency department syncope.
- CEDOCS score for emergency department overcrowdingRegression-based estimate of overcrowding severity in community emergency departments.
- Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST)Bedside ultrasound for free fluid in trauma.
- HEAVEN criteria for difficult emergency airwaySix bedside factors predicting first-attempt failure during emergency intubation.
- Injury Severity Score (ISS)Anatomic trauma score from the three most injured body regions.
- Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS)Predicts salvageability of a severely injured limb.
- Modified Denver criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injurySigns and risk factors prompting CT-angiography screening for BCVI after blunt trauma.
- NEDOCS score for emergency department overcrowdingRegression-based estimate of overcrowding severity in academic emergency departments.
- New Orleans criteria for minor head injuryDetermines whether head CT is needed after minor head injury with GCS 15.
- Newsom Score for Non-traumatic Chest PainIdentifies emergency department chest-pain patients in whom a screening chest x-ray can reasonably be deferred.
- NEXUS Chest CT decision instrumentIdentifies blunt trauma patients in whom chest CT can be safely avoided.
- NEXUS Chest Decision Instrument for blunt chest traumaIdentifies blunt-trauma patients who can forgo chest imaging.
- NEXUS criteria for cervical-spine imagingClinically clears the cervical spine without imaging.
- NEXUS Head CT instrumentSelects blunt head trauma patients who can safely forgo head CT.
- Ottawa ankle and foot rulesDetermines need for ankle or foot radiographs after injury.
- Ottawa Heart Failure Risk Scale (OHFRS)Estimates 14-day serious adverse event risk in emergency department patients with acute heart failure.
- Ottawa knee ruleDetermines need for knee radiography after acute injury.
- Palchak (UC Davis) Rule for Pediatric Head TraumaIdentifies children at very low risk for clinically important brain injury after blunt head trauma.
- Parkland formula for burnsCrystalloid resuscitation volume in the first 24 hours after a burn.
- PECARN cervical-spine injury prediction ruleRisk factors for cervical-spine injury in injured children.
- PECARN pediatric head-injury algorithmStratifies risk of clinically important TBI after minor head trauma.
- PECARN Pediatric Intra-Abdominal Injury (IAI) AlgorithmIdentifies children at very low risk of clinically important blunt intra-abdominal injury.
- Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS)Estimates likelihood of appendicitis in children with abdominal pain.
- Pediatric NEXUS II Head CT Decision Instrument for Blunt TraumaSelective head CT after paediatric blunt head injury.
- Pediatric Trauma BIG ScoreBase deficit, INR and GCS mortality prediction after paediatric trauma.
- Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS)Injury severity and triage score for injured children.
- PEDOCS score for pediatric emergency department overcrowdingTwo-variable estimate of overcrowding severity in pediatric emergency departments.
- PedSRC Rule for Blunt Abdominal TraumaIdentifies children at very low risk of intra-abdominal injury.
- Pittsburgh knee rulesDetermines need for knee radiography after blunt trauma or a fall.
- Recurrent Instability of the Patella (RIP) ScorePredicts long-term recurrence risk after a first-time patellar dislocation.
- Revised Trauma Score (RTS)Physiologic trauma severity score predicting survival.
- RibScoreRadiographic score predicting pulmonary complications after rib fractures.
- RIPASA Score for Acute AppendicitisClinical probability of acute appendicitis (validated in Asian populations).
- Rule of Nines for Burn Surface AreaEstimates total body surface area burned in adults.
- Sequential Clinical Assessment of Respiratory Function (SCARF) ScoreBedside physiologic score for adverse outcomes in rib fracture patients.
- Shock Index, Pediatric Age-Adjusted (SIPA)Age-adjusted shock index for paediatric trauma.
- STONE Score for Uncomplicated Ureteral StonePredicts likelihood of an uncomplicated ureteral stone in flank pain.
- STUMBL/Battle Score for Blunt Chest Wall TraumaPredicts complications after blunt chest wall/rib fracture trauma.
- Subaxial Injury Classification and Severity Scale (SLIC)Guides operative versus non-operative management of subaxial (C3-C7) cervical spine trauma.
- TASH Score (Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage)Predicts probability of mass transfusion after severe trauma.
- Testicular Workup for Ischemia and Suspected Torsion (TWIST)Risk-stratifies acute scrotum for testicular torsion.
- Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Scale (TLICS)Guides operative versus non-operative management of thoracolumbar spine trauma.
- Trauma Score and Injury Severity Score (TRISS)Combines physiologic (Revised Trauma Score) and anatomic (ISS) injury severity with age and mechanism to predict survival.
- Vancouver Chest Pain Rule2-hour rule-out for early discharge of low-risk emergency department chest pain.
- Wisconsin Criteria for maxillofacial CT in traumaScreens which blunt facial-trauma patients need dedicated maxillofacial CT.
Endocrine
- ADA diabetes risk test (patient self-assessment score)Screens adults for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes using simple self-reported items.
- AUSDRISK (Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool)Estimates 5-year risk of developing type 2 diabetes using demographic and lifestyle factors.
- BeAM value (bedtime-to-morning glucose difference)Difference between bedtime and morning glucose to gauge unmet postprandial control on basal insulin.
- Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale for ThyrotoxicosisLikelihood of thyroid storm in thyrotoxic patients.
- C-peptide to glucose ratioFasting index of residual beta-cell insulin secretory capacity.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis mortality prediction model (DKA MPM) scoreIn-hospital mortality risk in adult diabetic ketoacidosis.
- Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS)Clinical staging of obesity-related medical, functional and psychological severity.
- Estimated average glucose (eAG) from HbA1cConverts HbA1c to an average glucose estimate.
- FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score)Estimates 10-year risk of developing type 2 diabetes from simple clinical and lifestyle data.
- HOMA-IR (insulin resistance)Estimates insulin resistance from fasting glucose and insulin.
- Immune-Related Adverse Events for Endocrine Toxicities - Diabetes MellitusCTCAE-based severity grade for hyperglycemia/new-onset diabetes from checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
- Immune-Related Adverse Events for Endocrine Toxicities - HypothyroidismCTCAE-based severity grade for hypothyroidism from checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
- Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)Non-insulin surrogate index of insulin resistance and future type 2 diabetes risk from routine labs and BMI.
- Myxedema coma diagnostic scoreSemiquantitative likelihood of myxedema coma in severe hypothyroidism.
- Osteoporosis Index of Risk (OSIRIS)Pre-selects postmenopausal women for bone densitometry.
- Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI)Selects postmenopausal women for bone densitometry.
- Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST)Two-variable estimate of osteoporosis risk from age and weight.
Fluids & electrolytes
- A–a oxygen gradientAlveolar–arterial oxygen difference to characterise hypoxaemia.
- Arterial blood gas (ABG) analyserIdentifies the primary acid–base disorder and checks compensation.
- Bicarbonate deficitEstimates the bicarbonate needed to reach a target level.
- Body Fluid Balance by Inputs and OutputsNet fluid balance from measured intake and output over a period.
- DHAKA Score for pediatric dehydrationBedside clinical score to grade dehydration severity in children under 5 with diarrhoea.
- Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)Distinguishes prerenal from intrinsic acute kidney injury.
- Fractional excretion of urea (FEUrea)Prerenal vs intrinsic AKI, valid after diuretics.
- Free water deficit in hypernatremiaWater needed to correct hypernatraemia.
- Intraoperative fluid dosing in adult patientsMaintenance rate, NPO deficit and third-space replacement for intraoperative fluids.
- Maintenance fluid rate (Holliday-Segar)Hourly maintenance IV fluid rate by weight (4-2-1 rule).
- Natriuretic Response Prediction Equation (NRPE)Predicts sodium output from a 2-hour post-diuretic spot urine sample to guide loop diuretic titration.
- Paediatric maintenance fluid requirementHolliday-Segar weight-based daily and hourly maintenance fluid volumes.
- Sodium Correction Rate in Hyponatremia and HypernatremiaAdrogue-Madias estimate of serum sodium change per litre of infusate.
- Sodium Deficit in HyponatremiaTotal sodium needed to reach a target serum concentration.
- Urine anion gapDistinguishes renal from GI causes of normal-anion-gap metabolic acidosis.
- Urine Output and Fluid BalanceWeight-adjusted urine output rate to help identify oliguria.
- Winters’ formula for metabolic acidosisExpected respiratory compensation (PaCO₂) in metabolic acidosis.
General & screening
- 2010 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid ArthritisClassifies definite RA in patients with at least one clinically involved joint.
- 2015 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for goutClassifies gout in a patient with at least one symptomatic joint or bursa.
- 2016 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria for Primary Sjogren's SyndromeWeighted classification criteria for primary Sjogren's syndrome in patients with sicca symptoms.
- Abbey Pain Scale for Dementia PatientsObservational pain assessment for patients with advanced dementia who cannot self-report pain.
- Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS)Brief screen for domestic and intimate-partner abuse.
- Acute gout diagnosis ruleEstimates the probability of gout in acute monoarthritis without joint aspiration.
- ASAS Criteria for Axial Spondyloarthritis (SpA)Classifies axial spondyloarthritis in patients with chronic back pain.
- ASAS Criteria for Peripheral SpondyloArthritis (SpA)Classifies peripheral spondyloarthritis in patients with arthritis, enthesitis, or dactylitis.
- AUA Symptom Index / International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)Severity of lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- Basic statistics calculator (2×2 contingency table)Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, odds ratio, relative risk, absolute risk reduction, and NNT from a 2×2 table.
- Behavioral Observational Pain Scale (BOPS) for Post-Op Pediatric PainObservational postoperative pain scale for children age 1-7 years.
- Braden Score for Pressure Ulcer RiskPredicts pressure injury risk from six care-related domains.
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS)Six-domain observational pain scale for young children after surgery.
- CSHA Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS)A clinician-judgement scale that summarises an older adult's overall fitness or frailty in nine levels.
- Cumulative Illness Rating Scale - Geriatric (CIRS-G)Quantifies total burden of chronic illness across 14 organ systems.
- Danger Assessment for domestic abuseRisk factors for lethal intimate-partner violence.
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance StatusFunctional status scale used to gauge fitness for cancer therapy.
- Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)Composite score of atopic dermatitis severity and body-surface involvement across four regions.
- Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-revised (ESAS-r)Patient-rated burden of nine palliative symptoms.
- FLACC scale for postoperative pain in childrenBehavioural observation scale for pain in infants and young children who cannot self-report.
- HARK intimate partner violence screenFour-item screen for intimate partner violence in the past year.
- HITS intimate partner violence screenFrequency-based four-item screen for partner abuse.
- HOSPITAL score for readmissionsPredicts potentially avoidable 30-day readmission in medical inpatients.
- Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily LivingFunctional independence across six basic self-care activities.
- Kawasaki Disease Diagnostic CriteriaClassic clinical criteria for diagnosing Kawasaki disease in a febrile child.
- Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)Screens adults for malnutrition risk.
- Neck Disability Index (NDI)Patient-reported measure of activity limitation from neck pain.
- Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002)Screens hospitalized adults for malnutrition risk by combining nutritional status and disease severity.
- Nutritional Risk Index (NRI)Quantifies malnutrition risk from serum albumin and recent weight change before surgery.
- Pack-years (smoking history)Cumulative cigarette exposure in pack-years.
- Paradise Criteria for Tonsillectomy in ChildrenTrial-based eligibility criteria for tonsillectomy in children with recurrent throat infection.
- Patient Activity Scale (PAS) for RAPatient-reported composite of RA disease activity from function, pain and global scores.
- Patient Activity Scale II (PAS II) for RAPatient-reported RA disease-activity composite using the HAQ-II.
- PEG Scale for Chronic PainUltra-brief 3-item score of average pain intensity and interference with enjoyment of life and activity.
- Perioperative Nutrition Screen (PONS)Screens surgical patients for nutritional risk using four routinely available criteria.
- Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)Composite severity and extent score for plaque psoriasis across 4 body regions.
- RAPID Score for Acetabular Chondrolabral DisruptionPreoperative estimate of high-grade acetabular cartilage damage before hip arthroscopy.
- RegiSCAR Score for DRESSDiagnostic scoring system for drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.
- Revised Urinary Incontinence Scale (RUIS)Five-item self-report severity scale for urinary incontinence.
- SLICC Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 2012Classifies systemic lupus erythematosus using clinical and immunologic criteria.
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K)Weighted, 24-descriptor index of SLE disease activity over the preceding 10 days.
- Urticaria Activity Score (UAS)Daily wheal and pruritus severity score for chronic spontaneous urticaria.
- WIfI (Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection) classificationStratifies 1-year amputation risk in the threatened lower limb.
- Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST)Screens for intimate partner violence in adult women.
Haematology & oncology
- 4Ts score for heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaPre-test probability of HIT.
- Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC)Converts WBC and lymphocyte percentage to an absolute count.
- Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)Quantifies neutropenia from the WBC differential.
- Asymptomatic (Smoldering) Myeloma PrognosisMayo model risk of progression to active myeloma or amyloidosis.
- BALL score for relapsed/refractory CLLPrognostic score for relapsed/refractory CLL treated with targeted therapy.
- Binet Staging System for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)Clinical stage of CLL from lymphoid areas, hemoglobin and platelets.
- Blood volume calculation (Nadler)Estimates total blood volume from sex, height and weight.
- Cancer and Aging Research Group Chemotherapy Toxicity Tool (CARG-TT)Estimates the risk of severe (grade 3-5) chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer.
- Clinical Index of Stable Febrile Neutropenia (CISNE)Risk of serious complications in stable febrile neutropenia from solid tumours.
- CNS International Prognostic Index (CNS-IPI)Risk of CNS relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
- Corrected Count Increment (CCI) for Platelet TransfusionAdjusts platelet increment for body size and dose transfused.
- Corrected Reticulocyte Percentage / Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)Adjusts reticulocyte count for anaemia and marrow maturation.
- Cryoprecipitate dosing for fibrinogen replacementUnits of cryoprecipitate to reach a target plasma fibrinogen.
- Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) gradingASTCT consensus grade of CRS from fever, hypotension and hypoxia.
- DIPSS / DIPSS-Plus for MyelofibrosisDynamic prognostic scoring for primary myelofibrosis survival.
- Donor Lymphocyte Infusion (DLI) VolumeEstimates the infusion volume needed to deliver a target CD3+ dose.
- Duval/CIBMTR score for AML survivalPredicts overall survival after allogeneic HSCT for relapsed/refractory AML.
- EUTOS Score for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)Predicts complete cytogenetic response and PFS on imatinib.
- Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI)Prognostic stratification in follicular lymphoma.
- Fong Clinical Risk Score for Colorectal Cancer RecurrencePredicts recurrence and survival after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases.
- Fuhrman Nuclear Grade for Clear Cell Renal CarcinomaHistologic nuclear grade and prognostic implication in clear cell RCC.
- G8 Geriatric Screening ToolEight-item screen identifying older cancer patients who would benefit from a full geriatric assessment.
- GALAD Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)Biomarker model estimating the likelihood of HCC in patients with chronic liver disease.
- Ganzoni Equation for Iron Deficiency AnemiaEstimates total body iron deficit to guide intravenous iron repletion dosing.
- Genetically Inspired Prognostic Scoring System (GIPSS) for Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)Purely genetic (karyotype + mutation) survival stratification in primary myelofibrosis.
- Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) for cancer outcomesPrognostic score in cancer based on CRP and albumin, reflecting the systemic inflammatory response.
- Gleason Score for Prostate CancerCombines the two most prevalent histologic patterns into a prognostic score and ISUP grade group.
- Graded Prognostic Assessment for Gastrointestinal Cancer (GI-GPA)Estimates survival in patients with brain metastases from a gastrointestinal cancer.
- Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires (GELF) CriteriaIdentifies high tumour-burden follicular lymphoma warranting immediate systemic therapy.
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI)Pretransplant comorbidity burden predicting non-relapse mortality after allogeneic HCT.
- HIT Expert Probability (HEP) scorePre-test probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
- HScore for Reactive Hemophagocytic SyndromeEstimates the probability of reactive (secondary) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults.
- IMDC Risk Model for Metastatic Renal Cell CarcinomaSix-factor (Heng) model stratifying survival in metastatic RCC treated with systemic therapy.
- International Consensus Classification (ICC) Diagnostic Criteria for Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)Checklist of major and minor criteria required to diagnose primary myelofibrosis.
- International Consensus Classification (ICC) Diagnostic Criteria for Systemic MastocytosisApplies the ICC major/minor criteria to determine whether systemic mastocytosis is diagnosed.
- International Prognostic Index for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL-IPI)Integrates clinical, biochemical, and genetic factors to stratify survival in CLL.
- International Prognostic Index for Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (IPI and R-IPI)Five-factor index (with rituximab-era revision) predicting survival in DLBCL.
- International Prognostic Score for Asymptomatic Early-stage CLL (IPS-E)Predicts time to first treatment in early-stage (Binet A/Rai 0) CLL.
- ISTH Criteria for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)Scores overt DIC using platelet count, fibrin markers, PT prolongation, and fibrinogen.
- ISTH-SSC Bleeding Assessment ToolStandardised bleeding-symptom score used to screen for inherited bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease.
- Karnofsky Performance Status ScaleClinician-rated functional status scale used to gauge ability to tolerate cancer therapy.
- Khorana Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer PatientsPredicts chemotherapy-associated VTE risk from tumour site and pre-chemotherapy labs.
- Lansky Play-Performance Scale for Pediatric Functional StatusParent/clinician-rated play-activity scale assessing functional status in children with serious illness.
- MALT Lymphoma Prognostic Index (MALT-IPI)Stratifies survival in extranodal marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma.
- Manchester Score for Prognosis in Small Cell Lung CancerSix-factor pretreatment score predicting 2-year survival in small cell lung cancer.
- Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI)Estimates overall survival in mantle cell lymphoma from age, performance status, LDH, and WBC.
- MASCC risk index for febrile neutropeniaIdentifies low-risk febrile neutropenia suitable for oral/outpatient care.
- Mekhail Extension of the Motzer ScoreExtends the MSKCC/Motzer model with prior radiotherapy and metastatic site count for metastatic RCC.
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC/Motzer) Score for Metastatic RCCPredicts survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma using five clinical/laboratory factors.
- Mentzer indexDistinguishes beta-thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia using routine CBC indices.
- Mirels' Criteria for Prophylactic FixationScores impending pathologic fracture risk in a long-bone metastasis to guide prophylactic fixation.
- Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) for Cancer OutcomesCombines CRP and albumin as a systemic-inflammation-based cancer prognostic score.
- Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic CriteriaApplies IMWG clonal plasma cell and CRAB/SLiM criteria to establish a diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
- Multiple Myeloma International Staging System (ISS)Stages newly diagnosed multiple myeloma using serum beta-2 microglobulin and albumin.
- Multiple Myeloma Response CriteriaClassifies treatment response (CR, VGPR, PR, SD, PD) using IMWG uniform response criteria.
- Mutation-Adjusted Risk Score (MARS) for Advanced Systemic MastocytosisEstimates overall survival in advanced systemic mastocytosis using clinical and molecular data.
- Mutation-Enhanced International Prognostic Score System (MIPSS70)Risk-stratifies transplant-age patients with overt primary myelofibrosis using clinical, mutation, and marrow data.
- Myelofibrosis Secondary to PV and ET Prognostic Model (MYSEC-PM)Predicts survival in myelofibrosis secondary to polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia.
- National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) for MucositisGrades oral mucositis severity from clinical appearance and functional impact.
- NCCN International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI)Prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy.
- Neonatal Partial Exchange for PolycythemiaVolume of blood to isovolemically exchange for crystalloid in symptomatic neonatal polycythemia.
- Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)Marker of systemic inflammation and physiological stress from the differential white cell count.
- Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Collection (CD34+ Yield)Predicted CD34+ cell yield per kilogram from a leukapheresis procedure.
- Plasma DosageEstimated fresh frozen plasma volume to raise coagulation factor activity by a desired percentage.
- PLASMIC Score for TTPPredicts severe ADAMTS13 deficiency in thrombotic microangiopathy.
- Prognostic Index for Cancer OutcomesTwo-marker inflammatory prognostic index for survival in advanced NSCLC.
- Prostate Tumor Volume & DensityEllipsoid-derived prostate/tumor volume and PSA density from ultrasound or MRI dimensions.
- PSA Doubling Time (PSADT)Exponential-growth doubling time for serial PSA measurements.
- Radiation Biologically Effective Dose (BED)Converts a fractionated radiation schedule to biologically effective dose and EQD2.
- Rai Staging System for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)Clinical stage and risk group in CLL based on lymphadenopathy, organomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.
- RBC Units to Screen for CompatibilityExpected number of donor units to test to obtain a needed number of antigen-negative/compatible units.
- RENAL Nephrometry ScoreAnatomic complexity score for a renal mass, based on size, exophytic/endophytic properties, nearness to the collecting system, and polar location.
- Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) for MDSRisk stratification for myelodysplastic syndrome using cytogenetics, blast percentage, and cytopenias.
- Revised Multiple Myeloma International Staging System (R-ISS)Myeloma staging combining ISS, FISH cytogenetics, and LDH.
- Revised Tokuhashi scoring system for metastatic spine tumourPrognostic survival estimate for metastatic spinal tumours.
- Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI) for Ovarian CancerComposite score for pre-operative risk of malignancy in an adnexal mass.
- Scoring Mastocytosis (SCORMA) IndexComposite extent, intensity, and symptom score for cutaneous mastocytosis.
- Sickle Cell RBC Exchange VolumeEstimates donor RBC volume for automated red cell exchange in sickle cell disease.
- Sokal Index for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)Relative-risk prognostic index for chronic-phase CML at diagnosis.
- Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN) Malignancy Risk Score (Mayo Clinic Model)Pretest probability that an indeterminate lung nodule is malignant.
- Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA) ScorePredicts mast cell clonality / systemic mastocytosis in symptomatic patients.
- Spinal Instability Neoplastic Scale (SINS) ScoreGrades mechanical spinal instability caused by vertebral metastases or other neoplasms.
- SSIGN Score for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)Postoperative prognosis for clear cell renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy.
- Therapeutic Plasmapheresis CalculatorFractional removal of a plasma-bound substance by a plasma-exchange session.
- UCLA Integrated Staging System (UISS) for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)Integrates TNM stage, Fuhrman grade, and ECOG status to predict RCC survival.
- UCSF-CAPRA Score for Prostate Cancer RiskPreoperative risk of recurrence after treatment for localized prostate cancer.
- World Health Organization (WHO) Diagnostic Criteria for Polycythemia VeraChecks whether major and minor WHO criteria for polycythemia vera are met.
- World Health Organization (WHO) Diagnostic Criteria for Systemic MastocytosisMajor/minor criteria for diagnosing systemic mastocytosis on bone marrow or extracutaneous biopsy.
- WPSS (WHO classification-based Prognostic Scoring System) for Myelodysplastic SyndromeTime-dependent survival and leukemic-evolution risk in myelodysplastic syndrome.
Haemodynamics & echocardiography
- Aortic valve area (continuity equation)Aortic valve area and indexed area for grading aortic stenosis.
- Cardiac output (Fick principle)Cardiac output and index from arteriovenous oxygen difference.
- Cardiac Power Output (CPO)Hemodynamic measure of overall cardiac pumping capability.
- Fractional shortening and Teichholz ejection fractionM-mode fractional shortening and volume-derived ejection fraction.
- H2FPEF Score for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection FractionProbability that unexplained exertional dyspnoea represents HFpEF.
- Left ventricular mass and geometryLV mass (Devereux), mass index and relative wall thickness with geometric classification.
- Mean arterial pressure (MAP)Mean arterial pressure from systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Mitral valve area (pressure half-time)Mitral valve area in mitral stenosis from the diastolic pressure half-time.
- Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi)Assesses right ventricular dysfunction risk from right heart catheterisation pressures.
- Shunt fraction (Qp/Qs)Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio by Doppler echocardiography or oximetry.
- Stroke volume & cardiac output (LVOT VTI)Doppler stroke volume, cardiac output and cardiac index from the LVOT.
- Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistanceSVR and PVR from pressures and cardiac output.
- Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) scorePoint-of-care ultrasound grading of systemic venous congestion using IVC diameter with hepatic, portal, and intra-renal Doppler.
Hepatology & GI
- ABIC Score for Alcoholic HepatitisStratifies 90-day and 1-year mortality risk in alcoholic (alcohol-associated) hepatitis.
- AIMS65 score for upper GI bleeding mortalityIn-hospital mortality risk in acute upper GI bleeding.
- ALBI (Albumin-Bilirubin) Grade for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)Objective liver-function grading for HCC using only albumin and bilirubin.
- AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI)Non-invasive estimate of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic liver disease.
- Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging ClassificationStages HCC and links stage to a treatment strategy.
- BARD score for NAFLD fibrosisPredicts advanced fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
- BISAP score for pancreatitis mortalityEarly mortality risk in acute pancreatitis.
- Bristol Stool Form ScaleSeven-category classification of stool consistency reflecting colonic transit time.
- Child-Pugh score for cirrhosisSeverity and prognosis of chronic liver disease.
- CholeS Score for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy DurationPredicts risk of prolonged (> 90 min) elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
- CLIF-C ACLF (Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure) ScoreMortality prediction in acute-on-chronic liver failure from organ-failure grading, age, and WBC.
- Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)Quantifies current severity of Crohn's disease from an 8-item weighted composite.
- Edinburgh Gastric Ulcer Score (EGUS)Estimates malignancy risk in an endoscopically identified gastric ulcer.
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis Endoscopic Reference Score (EREFS)Standardised semi-quantitative description of endoscopic findings in eosinophilic esophagitis.
- EVendo Score for Esophageal VaricesPre-endoscopy estimate of the likelihood of esophageal varices needing treatment in cirrhosis.
- Fatty Liver IndexEstimates the likelihood of hepatic steatosis from routine clinical and lab data.
- Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Index for Liver FibrosisNon-invasive estimate of advanced liver fibrosis from age and routine labs.
- Fibrotic NASH Index (FNI)Screens for probable fibrotic NASH using AST, HbA1c, and HDL cholesterol.
- Forrest classification of upper GI bleedingEndoscopic stigmata and rebleeding risk in peptic ulcer bleeding.
- Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score (GAHS)Prognosis in alcoholic hepatitis.
- Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding scoreRisk stratification in upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
- Glasgow-Imrie Criteria for Severity of Acute PancreatitisPredicts severe acute pancreatitis from 8 laboratory/clinical variables (PANCREAS).
- Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score (HAPS)Predicts a non-severe course of acute pancreatitis.
- Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) for Crohn's DiseaseSimple clinical activity index for Crohn's disease based on symptoms and exam.
- Ho Index for acute severe ulcerative colitisPredicts failure of intravenous corticosteroids in acute severe ulcerative colitis.
- Immune-Related Adverse Events for GI Toxicity - ColitisCTCAE-based grading of diarrhea/colitis from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
- Immune-Related Adverse Events for GI Toxicity - HepatitisCTCAE-based severity grade for hepatitis from checkpoint inhibitor therapy using AST/ALT and bilirubin.
- King's College Criteria for acetaminophen toxicityIdentifies acetaminophen liver failure likely to need transplant.
- Kruis Score for Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)Combines symptom pattern with exam and basic labs to support an IBS diagnosis.
- Light's Criteria for Exudative EffusionsDistinguishes exudative from transudative pleural effusions using paired fluid and serum chemistries.
- Lille model for alcoholic hepatitisDay-7 prediction of steroid non-response in alcoholic hepatitis.
- Liver Decompensation Risk after Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)Estimates postoperative liver decompensation risk from portal hypertension, resection extent, and MELD score.
- Los Angeles (LA) Grading of EsophagitisStandardised endoscopic severity grading of reflux esophagitis based on mucosal breaks.
- Maddrey’s discriminant functionSeverity of alcohol-associated hepatitis and likely benefit from steroids.
- Manning Criteria for Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)Symptom-based criteria supporting a diagnosis of IBS.
- Mayo Score/Disease Activity Index (DAI) for Ulcerative ColitisComposite clinical, endoscopic, and global-assessment severity index for ulcerative colitis.
- MELD Na (UNOS/OPTN)Sodium-adjusted MELD used for US liver-transplant allocation since 2016.
- MELD score (original, pre-2016)Original UNOS Model for End-Stage Liver Disease without sodium.
- MELD-Na scorePrognosis and transplant priority in end-stage liver disease.
- Milan Criteria for Liver TransplantationAssesses tumor burden eligibility for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST)Classifies hepatocellular carcinoma treatment response using viable (enhancing) tumor diameter.
- Montreal Classification for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)Phenotypic classification of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis by age, location, behaviour, extent and severity.
- Mumtaz score for readmission in cirrhosisEstimates 30-day readmission risk at discharge for decompensated cirrhosis.
- NAFLD activity score (NAS)Histologic grading of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity.
- NAFLD Fibrosis ScoreEstimates the probability of advanced liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
- Oakland score for lower GI bleedingIdentifies patients with lower GI bleeding who may be safe for discharge.
- Obesity Surgery Mortality Risk Score (OS-MRS)Estimates perioperative mortality risk before bariatric (gastric bypass) surgery.
- Pancreatic Fistula Risk ScorePredicts clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy.
- Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI)Grades disease activity in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease.
- Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI)Clinical severity index for ulcerative colitis in children.
- PELD Score (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease, age <12)Classic PELD for paediatric liver transplant priority.
- PELD-Cr (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease with Creatinine)Creatinine-augmented PELD for waitlist mortality risk.
- Prague C & M Classification for Barrett's EsophagusEndoscopic staging of Barrett's esophagus by circumferential and maximum extent.
- R Factor for Liver InjuryClassifies drug-induced liver injury as hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed.
- Ranson's criteria for acute pancreatitis mortalityMortality risk in acute (non-gallstone) pancreatitis from admission and 48-hour data.
- REACH-B Score for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)Estimates future HCC risk in non-cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B.
- Revised Natural History Model for Primary Sclerosing CholangitisCox-model risk score estimating survival in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
- Revised Original Score for Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)1999 IAIHG multi-parameter diagnostic score for autoimmune hepatitis.
- Rockall Score for Upper GI Bleeding (Complete)Post-endoscopy mortality risk in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
- Rockall Score for Upper GI Bleeding (Pre-Endoscopy)Clinical (pre-endoscopy) Rockall score for acute upper GI bleeding.
- Rome II Diagnostic Criteria for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)Original 1999 Rome consensus definition of IBS (superseded by Rome IV).
- Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)2006 Rome consensus definition of IBS (superseded by Rome IV).
- Rome IV Diagnosis Criteria for Functional HeartburnDiagnoses functional heartburn once reflux and motor disorders are excluded.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Belching DisordersDiagnoses an excessive belching disorder from the esophagus or stomach.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Biliary PainDefines biliary-type pain for work-up of gallbladder/sphincter of Oddi disorders.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)Diagnoses cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in chronic cannabis users.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Centrally Mediated Abdominal Pain Syndrome (CAPS)Diagnoses centrally mediated (non-motility, non-visceral hypersensitivity) chronic abdominal pain.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Abdominal MigraineDiagnoses abdominal migraine in children and adolescents.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child AerophagiaDiagnoses aerophagia in children and adolescents.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Cyclic Vomiting SyndromeDiagnoses cyclic vomiting syndrome in children and adolescents.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Functional Abdominal Pain (FAP-NOS)Diagnoses functional abdominal pain not otherwise specified in children.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Functional ConstipationDiagnostic checklist for functional constipation in children aged 4-18 years.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Functional DyspepsiaDiagnostic checklist for functional dyspepsia in children and adolescents.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Functional Nausea and VomitingDiagnostic checklist for functional nausea and functional vomiting in children.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)Diagnostic checklist for IBS in children and adolescents.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Non-retentive Fecal IncontinenceDiagnostic checklist for non-retentive faecal incontinence in children.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Child Rumination SyndromeDiagnostic checklist for rumination syndrome in children and adolescents.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Nausea Vomiting Syndrome (CNVS)Diagnostic checklist for chronic nausea and vomiting syndrome in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Cyclic Vomiting SyndromeDiagnostic checklist for cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Fecal IncontinenceDiagnostic checklist for faecal incontinence in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Abdominal Bloating/DistensionDiagnostic checklist for functional abdominal bloating and/or distension in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Anorectal PainDiagnostic checklist distinguishing levator ani syndrome, unspecified anorectal pain, and proctalgia fugax.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Biliary Sphincter of Oddi Disorder (SOD)Diagnostic checklist for functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Chest PainDiagnostic checklist for functional (non-cardiac, non-reflux) chest pain in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional ConstipationDiagnostic checklist for functional constipation in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Defecation DisordersDiagnostic checklist for dyssynergic defecation and inadequate defecatory propulsion in adults.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional DiarrheaSymptom-based diagnosis of chronic non-painful loose stools.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional DyspepsiaSymptom-based diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia and its subtypes.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional DysphagiaSymptom-based diagnosis of esophageal dysphagia without a structural or motor cause.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gallbladder DisorderSymptom-based diagnosis of biliary-type pain with a structurally normal gallbladder.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Pancreatic Sphincter of Oddi Disorder (SOD)Diagnosis of recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis attributed to pancreatic sphincter dysfunction.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for GlobusSymptom-based diagnosis of a persistent lump-in-the-throat sensation.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Infant ColicSymptom-based diagnosis of excessive, unexplained crying in a thriving infant.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Infant DyscheziaSymptom-based diagnosis of straining and crying with defecation in an otherwise well infant.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Infant Functional ConstipationSymptom-based diagnosis of constipation in infants and toddlers up to age 4 years.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Infant Functional DiarrheaSymptom-based diagnosis of chronic nonspecific diarrhea in a thriving young child.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Infant RegurgitationSymptom-based diagnosis of uncomplicated 'happy spitting' in a healthy infant.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)Symptom-based diagnosis of IBS from recurrent abdominal pain linked to bowel habit.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Narcotic Bowel SyndromeDiagnosis of opioid-induced paradoxical worsening of chronic abdominal pain.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Opioid-Induced ConstipationDiagnosis of new or worsening constipation temporally linked to opioid therapy.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Proctalgia FugaxSymptom-based diagnosis of brief, self-limited episodes of rectal pain.
- Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Reflux HypersensitivityDiagnosis of reflux-triggered esophageal symptoms despite physiologic acid exposure.
- Rome IV diagnostic criteria for rumination syndromeSymptom-based diagnosis of rumination syndrome.
- Rome IV diagnostic criteria for unspecified functional bowel disorderDiagnosis of exclusion for bowel symptoms not meeting other Rome IV categories.
- Serum Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG)Differentiates portal-hypertensive from non-portal-hypertensive causes of ascites.
- Simplified Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) ScoreDiagnostic score for autoimmune hepatitis using antibodies, IgG, histology and exclusion of viral hepatitis.
- Simplified Endoscopic Activity Score for Crohn's Disease (SES-CD)Endoscopic severity score for Crohn's disease across five bowel segments.
- Steatosis-Associated Fibrosis Estimator (SAFE) scoreIdentifies clinically significant fibrosis risk in MASLD/NAFLD.
- Stool Osmolar/Osmotic GapDistinguishes osmotic from secretory causes of chronic diarrhoea.
- Tokyo Guidelines for Acute Cholangitis 2018 (TG18)Diagnostic criteria and severity grading for acute cholangitis.
- Tokyo Guidelines for Acute Cholecystitis 2018 (TG18)Diagnostic criteria and severity grading for acute cholecystitis.
- Travis criteria for acute severe ulcerative colitisDay-3 prediction of colectomy in acute severe ulcerative colitis.
- Truelove and Witts Severity Index for Ulcerative ColitisClassic clinical severity classification for ulcerative colitis flares.
- Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS)Validated composite endoscopic score for ulcerative colitis severity.
- United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (UKELD)Predicts short-term mortality in chronic liver disease to guide UK transplant listing.
- West Haven criteria for hepatic encephalopathyGrades severity of overt hepatic encephalopathy.
- Wexner continence grading scaleSeverity of fecal incontinence based on symptom frequency.
Infectious disease
- 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria for infective endocarditisClassifies suspected endocarditis as definite, possible or rejected.
- 4C Mortality Score for COVID-19In-hospital mortality risk in patients admitted with COVID-19.
- ALT-70 score for cellulitisDistinguishes true lower-extremity cellulitis from its mimickers (pseudocellulitis).
- ATLAS score for Clostridioides difficile infectionBedside score predicting response to therapy for C. difficile infection.
- Bacterial Meningitis Score for ChildrenDistinguishes bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children with CSF pleocytosis.
- Centor score (modified/McIsaac)Likelihood of streptococcal pharyngitis and need for testing.
- Denver HIV Risk ScoreEstimates probability of undiagnosed HIV infection to guide targeted screening.
- Drug Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP) ScorePredicts risk of drug-resistant pathogens in community-onset pneumonia.
- FeverPAIN score for strep pharyngitisLikelihood of streptococcal sore throat.
- HIV Incidence Risk Index for MSM (HIRI-MSM)Screens men who have sex with men for elevated HIV acquisition risk.
- HIV needle-stick RASPStratifies HIV transmission risk after an occupational exposure.
- Indications for Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir)Checklist of eligibility criteria for outpatient COVID-19 antiviral therapy.
- Infective Endocarditis (IE) Mortality Risk ScoreEstimates 6-month mortality in patients with definite infective endocarditis.
- Kocher criteria for paediatric septic arthritisProbability of septic arthritis of the hip in a child with hip complaints.
- LRINEC score for necrotising soft-tissue infectionLaboratory risk indicator for necrotising fasciitis.
- Menza Score for HIV risk among MSM4-year HIV acquisition risk to guide PrEP in men who have sex with men.
- Modified Duke Criteria for Infective EndocarditisClassifies suspected endocarditis as definite, possible, or rejected.
- MuLBSTA score for viral pneumonia mortalityPredicts 90-day mortality in viral pneumonia.
- PECARN rule for low-risk febrile infants 8-60 days oldRules out serious bacterial infection using UA, ANC, and procalcitonin.
- PEDIS score for diabetic foot ulcersMulti-axis IWGDF classification of a diabetic foot ulcer by perfusion, extent, depth, infection, and sensation.
- Penicillin Allergy Decision Rule (PEN-FAST)Point-of-care risk stratification of a patient-reported penicillin allergy.
- RiskE Score for Cardiac Surgery in Active Infective EndocarditisIn-hospital mortality estimate for surgery in active left-sided infective endocarditis.
- Rochester criteria for febrile infantsLow-risk criteria for serious bacterial infection in febrile infants <=60 days.
- Rule of 7s for Lyme MeningitisIdentifies children at low risk for Lyme meningitis among those with CSF pleocytosis.
- Shapiro Rule for Blood CulturePredicts bacteraemia to guide when to draw blood cultures.
- Shorr Score for MRSA PneumoniaEstimates MRSA risk in patients hospitalised with pneumonia.
- Step-by-Step approach to febrile infantsSequential risk stratification for invasive bacterial infection.
- Utah COVID-19 Risk ScoreEstimates risk of hospitalisation/mortality to prioritise outpatient COVID-19 therapy.
- Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) 1.0 IndexAll-cause mortality risk in patients with HIV (or HIV/HCV coinfection).
- VIRSTA ScorePrioritizes patients with S. aureus bacteremia for urgent echocardiography to rule in infective endocarditis.
Lipids
- Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Criteria for familial hypercholesterolemiaPoints-based diagnostic criteria for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
- LDL cholesterol — Friedewald equationCalculated LDL cholesterol from the standard lipid panel.
- LDL cholesterol — Sampson equationLDL estimation that remains valid in hypertriglyceridaemia (up to 800 mg/dL).
- Martin Equation for Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)Estimates LDL-C using an adjustable TG:VLDL-C factor instead of the fixed Friedewald divisor of 5.
- Simon Broome diagnostic criteria for familial hypercholesterolemiaClassifies adults as definite, possible, or unlikely FH using cholesterol thresholds plus clinical/family findings.
- US (MEDPED) diagnostic criteria for familial hypercholesterolemiaAge- and relative-specific total cholesterol cut-offs used to diagnose FH in relatives of an index case.
Nephrology
- Acute renal failure after cardiac surgery (Thakar / Cleveland Clinic score)Risk of dialysis-requiring AKI after cardiac surgery.
- AKIN classification for acute kidney injuryStages AKI from creatinine change and urine output.
- Cisplatin-Associated AKI (CP-AKI) Risk ScorePredicts severe AKI after a first dose of intravenous cisplatin.
- CKD Prediction in HIV+ Patients5-year risk of chronic kidney disease in HIV-positive patients with preserved renal function.
- CKiD U25 eGFR calculatorHeight/creatinine-based estimated GFR for children and young adults with CKD.
- Immune-Related Adverse Events for Renal Toxicities - NephritisCTCAE-based severity grade for acute kidney injury/nephritis from checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
- Kidney Failure Risk Calculator (KFRE)Predicts 2- and 5-year risk of treated kidney failure in CKD stage 3-5.
- Kinetic Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (keGFR)Estimates GFR when serum creatinine is changing acutely, before a steady state.
- Kt/V for haemodialysis adequacy (Daugirdas)Single-pool Kt/V from pre/post urea, time and fluid removal.
- Licurse Score for Renal UltrasoundStratifies the likelihood of hydronephrosis on renal ultrasound in acute kidney injury.
- Revised Schwartz Equation for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) (2009)Estimates GFR in children and adolescents from height and serum creatinine.
- RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injuryClassifies AKI severity from creatinine change and urine output.
- Transtubular Potassium Gradient (TTKG)Assesses renal potassium handling in dyskalemia.
- Vesicoureteral Reflux Index (VURx)Predicts spontaneous improvement/resolution of primary VUR in infants under 2 years.
Neurology
- 2HELPS2B score for seizure risk on cEEGSeizure probability on continuous EEG in hospitalised patients.
- 4 A's Test (4AT) for delirium screeningRapid bedside screen for delirium and cognitive impairment in older adults.
- Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT-10)Ten-item bedside screen for cognitive impairment in older adults.
- Abbreviated Mental Test 4 (AMT-4)Four-item bedside cognitive screen with performance similar to AMT-10.
- ABC/2 formula for intracerebral haemorrhage volumeEstimates haematoma volume from CT dimensions.
- ABCD2 score for stroke risk after TIAShort-term stroke risk after a transient ischaemic attack.
- Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)Rates severity of orofacial, limb and trunk dyskinesia in patients on antipsychotics.
- Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS)Quantifies early ischemic change on non-contrast CT in MCA-territory stroke.
- ASTRAL Score for Ischemic StrokePredicts 90-day poor functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke.
- AWOL Score for DeliriumPredicts risk of incident delirium in hospitalised medical patients at admission.
- Barnes-Jewish Hospital stroke dysphagia screenBedside screen for aspiration risk after acute stroke.
- Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living (ADL)Measures degree of independence in basic activities of daily living.
- Berg Balance Scale (BBS)Performance-based assessment of balance and fall risk in older adults.
- Brain Metastasis Velocity (BMV) ModelRate of new distant brain failure after stereotactic radiosurgery.
- Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating ScaleScreens for and grades the severity of catatonia across 23 examination items.
- Canadian Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) ScorePredicts 7-day stroke risk after emergency department TIA/minor stroke.
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome-6 (CTS-6)Clinical probability of carpal tunnel syndrome from six history and exam findings.
- CATCH (Canadian Assessment of Tomography for Childhood Head injury) RuleIdentifies children with minor head injury who need CT to detect clinically important brain injury.
- CHALICE (Children's Head injury ALgorithm for the prediction of Important Clinical Events) RuleIdentifies children with head injury at high risk of clinically significant intracranial injury.
- Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Severity Scale (CP-SSS)Prehospital screen for large-vessel occlusion stroke.
- Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) ScaleStages dementia severity from six cognitive/functional domains, using memory as the anchor domain.
- Contraindications to IV Thrombolysis for Ischemic StrokeChecklist of absolute contraindications to IV alteplase/tenecteplase.
- DELTA-P score for LEMS tumour associationPredicts small-cell lung cancer risk in patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.
- Disease Steps for Multiple SclerosisSimple ambulation-based staging of MS-related disability.
- DRAGON score for post-tPA stroke outcomePredicts 3-month functional outcome after IV thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke.
- Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) CriteriaDiagnostic criteria for an apparently embolic ischemic stroke without an identified source.
- Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) / Functional Systems ScoreStages MS-related disability from Functional Systems scores and ambulation.
- FACE DROPS stroke recognitionChecklist of acute stroke warning signs.
- Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED)Prehospital screen for large-vessel-occlusion stroke.
- Fisher Grading Scale for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)Grades the amount and distribution of blood on CT after aneurysmal SAH.
- FOUR (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness) scoreComa assessment usable in intubated patients.
- Functional Outcome in Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage (FUNC) ScorePredicts the likelihood of functional independence at 90 days after primary ICH.
- GCS-Pupils (GCS-P) ScoreGlasgow Coma Scale combined with pupil reactivity for an extended index of TBI severity.
- Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)Level of consciousness from eye, verbal and motor response.
- HAT score (haemorrhage after thrombolysis)Risk of symptomatic ICH after IV tPA in acute ischaemic stroke.
- HINTS exam for acute vestibular syndromeBedside oculomotor exam to separate central from peripheral vertigo.
- Hunt & Hess classification of subarachnoid haemorrhageClinical grade and prognosis for aneurysmal SAH.
- Immune Effector Cell Encephalopathy (ICE) ScoreBedside neurocognitive screen used to grade ICANS after CAR T-cell or other immune effector cell therapy.
- Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS) Consensus Grading for AdultsASTCT consensus grade for neurotoxicity after CAR T-cell or other immune effector cell therapy.
- Infant Scalp ScoreStratifies risk of traumatic brain injury in infants with an isolated scalp hematoma.
- Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) score30-day mortality risk after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage.
- Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS)Prehospital motor score screening for large-vessel-occlusion stroke.
- McDonald Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis (2017 Revision)Diagnoses multiple sclerosis from clinical attacks, MRI dissemination, and CSF findings.
- Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS)Quantifies headache-related disability over the preceding 3 months.
- Migraine Treatment Optimization Questionnaire-4 (mTOQ-4)Patient-reported assessment of how well acute migraine medication is working.
- Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS)21-item self-report of how fatigue affects physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning over the past 4 weeks.
- Modified Fisher Grading Scale for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)Refines the Fisher scale to better stratify vasospasm risk using intraventricular hemorrhage.
- Modified Hoehn and Yahr Scale for Parkinson's DiseaseStages overall motor disability and postural involvement in Parkinson disease.
- Modified NIH Stroke Scale (mNIHSS)Streamlined, more reliable version of the NIHSS for quantifying stroke deficit.
- Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)Global functional disability grade after stroke or neurological injury.
- Modified Rankin Score-9Q (mRS-9Q)Nine yes/no questions that reproduce the modified Rankin Scale grade.
- Modified SOAR Score for StrokePredicts early in-hospital mortality after acute stroke using subtype, OCSP classification, age, pre-stroke disability, and NIHSS.
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scoringTotals MoCA subdomain scores with the education adjustment.
- Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL)Patient-reported disease severity across 8 symptom domains in myasthenia gravis.
- Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS)Ten-item self-report scale quantifying the intensity and quality of neuropathic pain.
- NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)Quantifies neurological deficit severity in acute ischaemic stroke.
- Ottawa Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) Rule for Headache EvaluationClinical decision rule to rule out SAH in alert patients with acute non-traumatic headache.
- Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale (ONLS)Grades disability from peripheral neuropathy across the arms and legs.
- Paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (pGCS)Age-appropriate assessment of consciousness in infants and young children.
- Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD)Observational pain score for non-verbal patients with dementia.
- Pediatric NIH Stroke Scale (PedNIHSS)Quantifies neurologic deficit in children with acute stroke.
- PFO-Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood (PASCAL) Classification SystemCombines the RoPE score with high-risk PFO features to judge whether a PFO caused a stroke.
- PHASES ScoreEstimates 5-year risk of rupture for an unruptured intracranial aneurysm.
- Pittsburgh Response to Endovascular therapy (PRE) ScoreCombines age, stroke severity, and CT ischemic change to gauge benefit from endovascular therapy in LVO stroke.
- PLAN Score for StrokeEstimates risk of death or severe disability after acute ischaemic stroke.
- RACE Scale for Stroke (Large-Vessel Occlusion)Prehospital scale to identify large-vessel occlusion in acute stroke.
- RCVS2 Score for Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction SyndromeDistinguishes reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome from other intracranial arteriopathies.
- Refractory Epilepsy Screening Tool for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (REST-LGS)Screens adults with drug-resistant epilepsy for possible Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
- Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R)Grades physical function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis across 12 items.
- Revised McDonald Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis (2010)Diagnoses MS from clinical attacks and MRI-defined dissemination in space and time.
- Risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE) ScoreEstimates the likelihood a PFO is stroke-causal in cryptogenic stroke.
- ROSIER Scale (Recognition of Stroke in the ER)Distinguishes acute stroke from stroke mimics in the emergency department.
- Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living (ADL) ScaleRates overall functional independence as a percentage in Parkinson disease.
- Secondary Intracerebral Hemorrhage (sICH) ScoreEstimates the likelihood that an intracerebral hemorrhage has an underlying vascular cause.
- SEDAN Score for Post-tPA HemorrhageEstimates symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage risk after IV thrombolysis.
- Shortened Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5)5-item abbreviated version of the MFIS for a quick estimate of daily fatigue impact.
- Simplified Motor Score (SMS)Abbreviated Glasgow Coma Scale motor component for rapid triage of head trauma.
- Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)Self-rated level of alertness/sleepiness at a moment in time.
- Sudbury Vertigo Risk ScoreRisk-stratifies ED patients with vertigo for a serious central cause.
- Therapy-Disability-Neurology (TDN) GradeMultidimensional grading of adverse events after cranial or spinal neurosurgery.
- THRIVE Score for Stroke OutcomePredicts outcome and mortality after acute ischaemic stroke.
- Trunk Impairment ScaleSums validated static, dynamic, and coordination subscales of trunk motor control.
- Webster Rating Scale for Parkinson's DiseaseOne of the earliest quantitative disability scales for Parkinson disease.
Obstetrics & gynaecology
- APGAR scoreRapid assessment of newborn clinical status.
- Bishop score for cervical readinessAssesses cervical favourability before induction of labour.
- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)Self-report screen for depressive symptoms in the perinatal period.
- Fetal Biophysical Profile (BPP) ScoreAntepartum assessment of fetal wellbeing combining ultrasound observation with the non-stress test.
- FIGO Staging for Ovarian Cancer (2014)Anatomic staging of epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal carcinoma.
- Intrauterine RBC transfusion dosageDonor red-cell volume for fetal intravascular transfusion.
- IOTA Simple Rules for ovarian tumour riskUltrasound-based classification of an adnexal mass as benign, malignant, or inconclusive.
- Maternal-Fetal Hemorrhage Rh(D) Immune Globulin DosageEstimates the number of Rh(D) immune globulin vials needed after fetomaternal hemorrhage.
- Modified Bishop Score for Vaginal Delivery and Induction of LaborCervical favourability and likelihood of successful labor induction.
- Pregnancy Due Dates CalculatorGestational age and time to estimated due date from the last menstrual period.
- PUQE Score for Nausea and Vomiting of PregnancyQuantifies severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (PUQE-24).
- Reid's Colposcopic Index (RCI)Grades a cervical lesion seen at colposcopy to predict low- vs high-grade histology.
- Swede ScoreFive-feature colposcopic score predicting a high-grade cervical lesion (CIN 2+).
- Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) probability calculatorPredicted probability of successful VBAC for counseling on trial of labor.
- VBAC Risk Score for Successful Vaginal Delivery (Flamm)Predicts likelihood of successful vaginal birth after cesarean.
Pharmacy & dosing
- Atropine dosing for cholinesterase-inhibitor toxicityInitial atropine dose for organophosphate/carbamate poisoning.
- Benzodiazepine conversion calculatorConverts between oral benzodiazepines using approximate equivalents.
- Corticosteroid conversionEquivalent glucocorticoid doses by anti-inflammatory potency.
- Digoxin immune Fab (DigiFab) dosing for digoxin poisoningNumber of Fab vials from serum digoxin level or amount ingested.
- DIRE Score for Opioid TreatmentPredicts compliance and analgesic benefit before starting long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain.
- Estimated ethanol and toxic alcohol serum concentrationPeak serum level predicted from an ingested volume.
- Fomepizole dosingWeight-based fomepizole dosing for toxic alcohol poisoning.
- Glucose infusion rate (GIR)Rate of intravenous dextrose delivery, normalized to body weight.
- High-dose insulin euglycaemia therapy (HIET) dosingRegular-insulin bolus and infusion for calcium-channel or beta-blocker toxicity.
- Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) dosing calculatorChecks a hydroxychloroquine dose against the retinopathy-risk threshold of 5.0 mg/kg real body weight/day.
- Ideal and adjusted body weightDevine ideal body weight and adjusted body weight for dosing.
- IV drip rate (gtt/min)Manual infusion rate from volume, time and tubing drop factor.
- IV N-acetylcysteine dosing for acetaminophen overdoseWeight-based 21-hour three-bag IV acetylcysteine regimen.
- Local anesthetic maximum dose calculatorMaximum recommended single dose of common local anesthetics by body weight.
- Morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per dayConverts total daily opioid doses to oral morphine equivalents.
- Naloxone continuous infusion dosingSets a naloxone drip rate from the effective reversal bolus.
- Opiate conversion calculatorConverts a daily opioid dose to an oral morphine milligram equivalent (MME) and to another opioid.
- Phenytoin Correction for Albumin/Renal FailureAdjusts total phenytoin level for hypoalbuminaemia.
- Tenecteplase (TNK) Dosing for Ischemic Stroke CalculatorWeight-based tenecteplase dose for acute ischemic stroke.
- tPA (Alteplase) Dosing for Ischemic Stroke CalculatorWeight-based alteplase dose, bolus, and infusion for acute ischemic stroke.
- Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Allergy Decision Rule (SULF-FAST)Risk-stratifies reported TMP-SMX (sulfa) allergy to identify candidates for direct oral challenge.
- Weight-based levothyroxine dose for adult hypothyroidismEstimates a full or reduced starting levothyroxine replacement dose from body weight.
Psychiatry
- Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1) screenerSix-item Part A screener for adult ADHD symptoms.
- Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) scoreCounts categories of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.
- AUDIT-C for alcohol useThree-item screen for unhealthy alcohol consumption.
- Behavioural activity rating scale (BARS)Single-item observational rating of a patient's level of agitation or sedation.
- Brief Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (BAWS)Abbreviated 5-item bedside scale for symptom-triggered treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
- CAGE Questions for Alcohol UseFour-question screen for problem drinking and alcohol use disorder.
- CIWA-Ar for Alcohol WithdrawalTen-item scale objectifying the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
- CIWA-B (benzodiazepine withdrawal)Severity of benzodiazepine withdrawal.
- Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (Screener)Screens suicidal ideation and behaviour to triage risk level.
- Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS)Five-item screen for dysfunctional anxiety related to COVID-19.
- COWS score for opiate withdrawalSeverity of opioid withdrawal.
- CRAFFT QuestionnaireScreens adolescents for high-risk alcohol and drug use.
- Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM)Seventeen-item self-report screen for aberrant medication-related behaviour in patients on chronic opioid therapy.
- Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS17)Rates emotional distress attributable to living with diabetes across four domains.
- Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 (DAST-10)Self-report screen for problematic illicit/non-medical drug use over the past 12 months.
- DSM-5 criteria for a manic episode (Bipolar I disorder)Checklist of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for a manic episode, which defines Bipolar I disorder.
- DSM-5 criteria for binge eating disorderChecklist of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder (BED).
- DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorderSymptom-criteria check for a major depressive episode.
- DSM-5 criteria for posttraumatic stress disorderChecklist of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD in adults, adolescents, and children older than 6 years.
- ED-SAFE Patient Safety Screener 3 (PSS-3)Brief universal suicide-risk screen for acute care.
- GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7)Self-report severity measure for generalized anxiety symptoms.
- Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)15-item yes/no self-report screen for depression in older adults.
- Glasgow Modified Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (GMAWS)Severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide benzodiazepine dosing.
- Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A)Clinician-rated scale tracking the severity of anxiety symptoms across 14 domains.
- Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)Clinician-rated severity of depressive symptoms (17-item).
- HEADS-EDRapid psychosocial screen for children and adolescents in the emergency department.
- Major Depression Index (MDI)Self-rated symptom severity scale covering the ten ICD-10 depressive symptoms.
- Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)Clinician-rated scale quantifying depression severity across 10 core symptom domains.
- Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ)Screens for bipolar spectrum disorder based on a lifetime symptom checklist.
- Opioid Risk Tool (ORT)Stratifies risk of aberrant behaviour on long-term opioid therapy.
- PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9)Nine-item self-report measure of depressive symptom severity over the past 2 weeks.
- Prediction of Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Scale (PAWSS)Identifies patients at risk of complicated (moderate-to-severe) alcohol withdrawal.
- Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5)Five-item screen for probable PTSD in patients with a known traumatic event.
- Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16)Tracks the severity of depressive symptoms over time via self-assessment.
- Revised Opioid Risk Tool (ORT-OUD)Screens patients on long-term opioid therapy for risk of developing an opioid use disorder.
- SCOFF QuestionnaireFive-item screen for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
- Short MAST-Geriatric (SMAST-G)Ten-item alcohol misuse screen for older adults.
- Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST)13-item screen for an alcohol use disorder.
Pulmonary & VTE
- 4-Level Pulmonary Embolism Clinical Probability Score (4PEPS)Clinical pretest probability of PE to guide D-dimer and imaging.
- 6-minute walk distance (predicted)Reference 6-minute walk distance and lower limit of normal.
- Age-adjusted D-dimer for VTEAge-adjusted D-dimer cutoff to help exclude VTE.
- Altitude-adjusted PERC rulePERC rule using a lower oxygen-saturation threshold for altitude.
- ARISCAT Score for Postoperative Pulmonary ComplicationsPredicts risk of postoperative pulmonary complications after surgery.
- Asthma Impairment and Risk Questionnaire (AIRQ)10-item yes/no composite measure of current asthma impairment and future exacerbation risk.
- Asthma Predictive Index (API)Predicts likelihood of persistent childhood asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing.
- BAP-65 score for acute COPD exacerbationIn-hospital mortality risk in acute COPD exacerbation.
- Berlin criteria for ARDSDefines and grades acute respiratory distress syndrome.
- BODE Index for COPD SurvivalMultidimensional prognosis in COPD from BMI, obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise.
- Bova score for pulmonary embolism complicationsRisk of 30-day complications in normotensive acute pulmonary embolism.
- Caprini Score for VTE Risk (2005)Venous thromboembolism risk stratification in surgical and medical patients.
- Composite Pulmonary Embolism Shock (CPES) ScoreSeverity framework for normotensive pulmonary embolism.
- COPD Assessment Test (CAT)Quantifies symptom burden and health status impact in COPD.
- CRB-65 score for pneumonia severityMortality risk in community-acquired pneumonia without lab values.
- CURB-65 score for pneumonia severityMortality risk and site-of-care decision in community-acquired pneumonia.
- DASH Prediction Score for Recurrent VTERecurrence risk after a first unprovoked VTE.
- DECAF score for acute exacerbation of COPDIn-hospital mortality risk in acute COPD exacerbation.
- du Bois score for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mortalityPredicts 1-year mortality risk in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
- EPIPHANY Index for pulmonary embolism in cancerRisk of serious complications in cancer-associated PE.
- Expected peak expiratory flowPredicted normal peak flow for adults by age, height and sex.
- Fleischner Society Guidelines for Incidental Pulmonary NodulesFollow-up imaging recommendations for an incidentally found pulmonary nodule on CT.
- GAP index for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mortalityMortality staging in IPF from gender, age, physiology.
- Geneva Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) ProphylaxisIdentifies hospitalised medical patients who warrant pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis.
- GOLD criteria for COPD airflow limitation severitySpirometric grade of airflow limitation in COPD.
- HERDOO2 rule for discontinuing anticoagulation in unprovoked VTEIdentifies women with unprovoked VTE who may safely stop anticoagulation.
- Hestia Criteria for Outpatient Pulmonary Embolism TreatmentIdentifies patients with acute pulmonary embolism who can be safely managed as outpatients.
- Immune-Related Adverse Events for Lung Toxicity - PneumonitisCTCAE-based severity grade for pneumonitis from checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
- IMPEDE-VTEEstimates venous thromboembolism risk in patients with multiple myeloma starting chemotherapy.
- IMPROVE bleeding risk scoreBleeding risk in acutely ill medical inpatients considered for VTE prophylaxis.
- IMPROVE Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)Estimates 3-month VTE risk in hospitalized medical patients.
- IMPROVEDD Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)Adds D-dimer to the IMPROVE score to refine 3-month VTE risk in hospitalized medical patients.
- LENT score for malignant pleural effusionSurvival stratification in malignant pleural effusion.
- Michigan Risk Score for PICC-related thrombosisStratifies risk of upper-extremity DVT after peripherally inserted central catheter placement.
- mMRC (Modified Medical Research Council) Dyspnea ScaleGrades breathlessness severity relative to physical activity.
- Modified Asthma Predictive Index (mAPI)Predicts likelihood of persistent childhood asthma in young children with recurrent wheeze.
- Noninvasive Ventilation Outcomes (NIVO) scorePredicts in-hospital mortality in COPD exacerbations requiring noninvasive ventilation.
- Ottawa COPD Risk ScaleStratifies risk of short-term serious outcomes in ED COPD exacerbations.
- Padua prediction score for VTE riskVenous thromboembolism risk in hospitalised medical patients.
- PE-SARD bleeding score for acute pulmonary embolismEarly major bleeding risk in acute PE (syncope, anaemia, renal dysfunction).
- Pediatric Asthma Risk Score (PARS)Predicts risk of asthma at school age in young children.
- Pediatric Asthma Score (PAS)Bedside severity score for children 2-18 years hospitalized with an asthma exacerbation.
- Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS)Three-item bedside score for acute pediatric asthma exacerbation severity.
- Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM)Five-item clinical severity score for pediatric asthma exacerbations.
- PERC rule for pulmonary embolismRules out PE in low-probability patients without further testing.
- PIRO Score for Community-Acquired Pneumonia28-day mortality in ICU patients with CAP.
- POMPE-C Tool for Pulmonary Embolism Mortality in Cancer30-day mortality after PE in patients with active cancer.
- PRIEST COVID-19 Clinical Severity Score30-day risk of death or organ support in suspected COVID-19.
- PSI/PORT Score: Pneumonia Severity Index for CAPRisk class and mortality in community-acquired pneumonia.
- RAPID score for pleural infection3-month mortality risk in pleural infection (empyema / complicated effusion).
- Respiratory Distress Observation Scale (RDOS)Observational measure of dyspnoea severity for patients unable to self-report.
- Respiratory Score for Asthma (Liu et al)Bedside severity score for pediatric asthma/wheeze exacerbations using 4 physical exam items.
- REVEAL Registry Risk Score 2.0 for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)Estimates 1-year survival risk category in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
- RIETE Score for Risk of Hemorrhage in Pulmonary Embolism TreatmentBleeding risk during anticoagulation for acute venous thromboembolism.
- Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (SCAP) ScorePredicts severe outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia.
- SMART-COP Score for Pneumonia SeverityPredicts need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in CAP.
- SpO2/FiO2 ratioNon-invasive surrogate for the PaO2/FiO2 ratio to assess hypoxaemic respiratory failure.
- STOP-Bang score for obstructive sleep apnoeaEight-item screening score for the probability of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea.
- Thrombosis Risk Prediction Following Cast Immobilization (TRiP(cast)) ScoreVTE risk stratification in patients with lower-limb trauma requiring cast or brace immobilization.
- Villalta Score for Post-thrombotic Syndrome (PTS)Grades severity of post-thrombotic syndrome after lower-limb DVT.
- VTE-BLEED ScoreEstimates the risk of major bleeding during stable (extended) anticoagulation after venous thromboembolism.
- Westley Croup ScoreGrades croup severity from level of consciousness, cyanosis, stridor, air entry, and retractions.
- YEARS Algorithm for Pulmonary Embolism (PE)Simplified diagnostic algorithm using three clinical items and an adapted D-dimer cut-off to rule out suspected PE.
Renal & laboratory
- Age-adjusted ESR (and CRP) for rheumatoid arthritisUpper limit of normal ESR corrected for age and sex, with CRP for context.
- Albumin-corrected calciumCorrects total serum calcium for hypo- or hyperalbuminaemia.
- Anion gap (with albumin correction)Serum anion gap, corrected for albumin.
- BUN:Creatinine RatioRatio used to help distinguish prerenal from intrinsic azotaemia.
- Creatinine clearance (Cockcroft–Gault)Estimates creatinine clearance for renal drug dosing.
- eGFR — CKD-EPI 2021 (creatinine)Estimated glomerular filtration rate using the race-free 2021 CKD-EPI creatinine equation.
- eGFR — MDRD study equationEstimated glomerular filtration rate using the 4-variable MDRD equation.
- McMahon score for rhabdomyolysisPredicts death or AKI requiring renal replacement in rhabdomyolysis.
- Mehran Score for Post-PCI Contrast NephropathyPredicts risk of contrast-induced nephropathy and need for dialysis after percutaneous coronary intervention.
- Serum Osmolality / OsmolarityCalculated serum osmolality from sodium, glucose, and urea.
- Sodium correction for hyperglycaemiaCorrects measured serum sodium for the dilutional effect of hyperglycaemia.
- Urinary Protein Excretion EstimationSpot protein/creatinine ratio approximates 24-hour proteinuria.
Risk scores
- 2012 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumaticaClassifies polymyalgia rheumatica in patients with new bilateral shoulder pain.
- ACC/AHA heart failure stagingAssigns heart failure stage A through D.
- ACEF II risk score for cardiac surgeryEstimates operative mortality risk in cardiac surgery.
- ACTION ICU score for intensive care in NSTEMIRisk of complications requiring ICU care in initially stable NSTEMI.
- ADAPT protocol for cardiac event riskAccelerated rule-out of 30-day major cardiac events in chest pain.
- ADHERE algorithm for acute decompensated heart failureIn-hospital mortality risk stratification in ADHF.
- Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score with CRP (ASDAS-CRP)Composite disease-activity index for axial spondyloarthritis using CRP.
- Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score with ESR (ASDAS-ESR)Composite disease-activity index for axial spondyloarthritis using ESR.
- Apfel Score for Postoperative Nausea and VomitingPredicts risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting from four simple clinical predictors.
- ARC-HBR criteria for high bleeding riskFlags high bleeding risk before PCI/DAPT decisions.
- ASA Physical Status ClassificationPreoperative classification of a patient's overall physical/systemic health.
- ASCVD (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease) 2013 Risk Calculator10-year risk of a first myocardial infarction, coronary death, or stroke using the Pooled Cohort Equations.
- ASCVD Risk Algorithm Including Known ASCVD10-year ASCVD risk and statin-intensity guidance, accounting for pre-existing ASCVD.
- ATRIA Bleeding Risk ScoreEstimates major hemorrhage risk on warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.
- ATRIA Stroke Risk ScoreEstimates ischemic stroke and thromboembolism risk in atrial fibrillation.
- AUB-HAS2 cardiovascular risk indexPreoperative cardiovascular risk before noncardiac surgery.
- Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) Angina GradeClassifies the functional severity of exertional angina.
- Cardiac Anesthesia Risk Evaluation Score (CARE)Simple clinical-judgement classification of risk before cardiac surgery.
- CASPAR criteria for psoriatic arthritisClassifies established inflammatory arthritis as psoriatic arthritis.
- CHA₂DS₂-VA scoreSex-independent stroke-risk score for atrial fibrillation (2024 ESC).
- CHA₂DS₂-VASc scoreStroke risk in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, to guide oral anticoagulation.
- CHADS-65 (Canadian Cardiovascular Society Algorithm)Guides antithrombotic therapy selection in non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
- CHADS₂ scoreOlder stroke-risk score for atrial fibrillation; largely superseded by CHA₂DS₂-VASc.
- Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)Weighted comorbidity burden with age adjustment, estimating 10-year survival.
- Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) for Rheumatoid ArthritisRA disease activity from joint counts and global assessments alone, no laboratory data required.
- CRUSADE Score for Post-MI Bleeding RiskIn-hospital major bleeding risk in NSTEMI.
- D'Amico Risk Classification for Prostate Cancer5-year biochemical failure risk after localized prostate cancer therapy.
- Disease Activity Score-28 for Rheumatoid Arthritis with CRP (DAS28-CRP)RA disease activity using 28-joint counts, patient global health, and CRP.
- Disease Activity Score-28 for Rheumatoid Arthritis with ESR (DAS28-ESR)RA disease activity using 28-joint counts, patient global health, and ESR.
- DOAC Score for Bleeding Risk in Atrial FibrillationMajor bleeding risk in AF patients on a direct oral anticoagulant.
- Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) ScoreBenefit/risk of prolonged DAPT beyond 12 months after PCI.
- Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)Self-reported functional capacity and estimated peak oxygen uptake.
- Duke treadmill scorePrognosis after exercise treadmill testing (Bruce protocol).
- EGSYS Score for SyncopeProbability that syncope is of cardiac origin.
- El-Ganzouri Risk Index (EGRI) for difficult airwayMultivariate bedside score predicting difficult tracheal intubation.
- Emergency Department Assessment of Chest Pain Score (EDACS)Identifies low-risk chest pain suitable for early discharge.
- Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade (EHMRG)7-day mortality risk in acute heart failure presenting to the ED.
- EuroSCORE II (Cardiac Surgery Operative Mortality)Predicted in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery.
- FRACTURE Index5-year osteoporotic fracture risk in older women.
- Framingham Heart Failure Diagnostic CriteriaBedside major/minor criteria for a clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure.
- Framingham Risk Score for Hard Coronary Heart Disease10-year risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death from traditional risk factors.
- Gillmore Staging System for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM)Two-biomarker prognostic stage for ATTR cardiac amyloidosis (wild-type or hereditary).
- GRACE ACS Risk and Mortality CalculatorIn-hospital mortality risk in acute coronary syndrome.
- Grogan Staging System for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM)Mayo Clinic troponin/NT-proBNP staging for wild-type ATTR cardiac amyloidosis.
- Gupta Perioperative Risk for Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest (MICA)Predicted probability of MI or cardiac arrest within 30 days of non-cardiac surgery.
- HAS-BLED scoreMajor bleeding risk on oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation.
- HCM Risk-SCD5-year risk of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
- HEAR ScoreIdentifies very-low-risk chest pain patients who may not need troponin testing.
- HEART Pathway for Early Discharge in Acute Chest PainHEART score plus serial troponin to select chest-pain patients for early discharge.
- HEART score for chest painRisk of major adverse cardiac events in undifferentiated chest pain in the emergency department.
- HEMORR₂HAGES Score for Major Bleeding RiskEstimates major bleeding risk in elderly patients on anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation.
- HFA-ICOS Baseline Cardio-Oncology Risk Assessment for Anthracycline ChemotherapyBaseline cardiotoxicity risk stratification before anthracycline chemotherapy.
- HFA-ICOS Baseline Cardio-Oncology Risk Assessment for Combination RAF and MEK InhibitorsBaseline cardiotoxicity risk stratification before combination RAF and MEK inhibitor therapy.
- HFA-ICOS Baseline Cardio-Oncology Risk Assessment for HER2-Targeted TherapiesBaseline cardiotoxicity risk stratification before HER2-targeted therapy (e.g. trastuzumab).
- HFA-ICOS Baseline Cardio-Oncology Risk Assessment for Multi-Targeted Kinase Inhibitors for CMLBaseline cardiotoxicity risk stratification before a BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor for CML.
- HFA-ICOS Baseline Cardio-Oncology Risk Assessment for Multiple Myeloma TherapiesBaseline cardiotoxicity risk stratification before proteasome-inhibitor or immunomodulatory-drug therapy for myeloma.
- HFA-ICOS Baseline Cardio-Oncology Risk Assessment for VEGF InhibitorsBaseline cardiotoxicity risk stratification before VEGF inhibitor therapy.
- Hour-specific risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (Bhutani nomogram)Predischarge risk zone for subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia.
- Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS2010)Assesses clinical disease activity in Takayasu arteritis from new or worsening features.
- INTERCHEST Clinical Prediction Rule for Chest Pain in Primary CareEstimates likelihood of unstable coronary artery disease in primary-care patients with chest pain.
- Jones Criteria for Acute Rheumatic Fever Diagnosis2015 revised criteria for diagnosing acute rheumatic fever, stratified by population risk.
- Killip classificationSeverity of heart failure in acute myocardial infarction, with associated mortality.
- LACE Index for ReadmissionPredicts 30-day risk of death or non-elective readmission after hospital discharge.
- Leiden Clinical Prediction Rule for Undifferentiated ArthritisEstimates 1-year risk of progression to rheumatoid arthritis in recent-onset undifferentiated arthritis.
- Marburg Heart Score (MHS)Rules out coronary artery disease in primary-care patients with chest pain.
- Modified Mallampati classificationOropharyngeal view grading used to anticipate intubation difficulty.
- New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification for Heart FailureGrades heart failure symptom severity by physical activity limitation.
- Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (NHFS)Predicts 30-day mortality after hip fracture surgery.
- Observatoire Regional Breton sur l'Infarctus (ORBI) Risk ScoreEstimates the risk of in-hospital cardiogenic shock after primary PCI for STEMI.
- Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) calculatorEstimates 5-year risk of conversion from ocular hypertension to primary open-angle glaucoma.
- OESIL Score for SyncopeEstimates 12-month mortality after an emergency department syncope evaluation.
- ORBIT Bleeding Risk Score for Atrial FibrillationEstimates major bleeding risk on anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation.
- Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS)Flags hospitalised children at risk of clinical deterioration.
- POSSUM score for operative morbidity and mortality riskPredicts 30-day morbidity and mortality after general/vascular surgery from physiological reserve and operative severity.
- PRECISE-DAPT ScoreEstimates out-of-hospital bleeding risk to guide dual antiplatelet therapy duration after coronary stenting.
- Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI)30-day mortality risk in acute pulmonary embolism.
- READMITS score for readmissions in acute MIFirst-day estimate of 30-day readmission risk after acute myocardial infarction.
- RESECT-90 model for 90-day mortality after lung resectionPredicts 90-day mortality after lung resection from routine preoperative variables.
- Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) for pre-operative riskEstimates risk of a major cardiac complication after non-cardiac surgery.
- Revised Geneva score for pulmonary embolismPre-test probability of PE using purely objective criteria.
- Reynolds Risk Score for Cardiovascular Risk in Women10-year cardiovascular risk estimate incorporating hsCRP and family history.
- ROSE (Risk Stratification of Syncope in the Emergency Department) RulePredicts 1-month serious outcomes after ED syncope.
- S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry scoreCT-based scoring of renal calculus complexity before percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
- San Francisco Syncope RulePredicts 7-day serious outcomes after ED syncope (CHESS criteria).
- Simple Disease Activity Index (SDAI) for Rheumatoid ArthritisRA disease activity combining joint counts, global assessments, and CRP.
- Simplified PESI (sPESI)Simplified 30-day mortality risk assessment in acute pulmonary embolism.
- Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) for postoperative riskPredicts risk of major complications or death within 30 days of surgery from three intraoperative variables.
- Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 (SCORE2)10-year fatal and non-fatal CVD risk in apparently healthy people 40-69 without prior CVD or diabetes.
- Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2-Diabetes (SCORE2-Diabetes)10-year CVD risk in adults 40-69 with type 2 diabetes.
- Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2-Older Persons (SCORE2-OP)10-year CVD risk in apparently healthy adults aged 70 and older.
- TIMI Risk IndexSimple bedside index for early mortality risk in acute coronary syndrome.
- TIMI risk score for STEMI30-day mortality risk in ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis.
- TIMI risk score for UA/NSTEMI14-day risk of death, new MI or urgent revascularisation in unstable angina / NSTEMI.
- Wells score for deep vein thrombosisPre-test probability of lower-limb deep vein thrombosis.
- Wells score for pulmonary embolismPre-test probability of pulmonary embolism.
Reference articles
Articles in this section that are not interactive calculators.
- 1-2-3-LQTS Risk Calculator
- Adjusted aortic root dimension
- ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score
- Brugada’s algorithm for diagnosing ventricular tachycardia (VT)
- CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score
- HCM Risk-SCD Calculator
- HEMORR₂HAGES Bleeding Risk Score
- SYNTAX Score
- SYNTAX Score II
- Vernakalant (Brinavess)
Clinical Tools
Interactive calculators, reference values, drug manuals and treatment summaries for cardiovascular care.
Reference values for adult ECG
Rhythm Checklist Assess ventricular (RR intervals) and atrial (PP intervals) rate and rhythm: Is ventricular rhythm regular? What is the ventricular rate (beats/min)? Is atrial…